![]() Transfer of the cloned gene into the suitable host organism. The steps involved in genetic engineering are:ġ. Genetic engineering involves the isolation and introduction of only those genes into an organism that is desired and does not introduce undesirable genes. (ii) Maintenance of a Sterile Environment in Chemical Engineering Processes: It helps in the growth of only those microbes that are required and this process helps in the manufacturing of vaccines, antibiotics, drugs, etc. The set of technologies are used for the genetic makeup of the cells which includes the transfer of genes in the species boundaries for the production of improved organisms, most importantly called clones resulting in gene cloning. (i) Genetic Engineering : Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's gene by the use of biotechnology which is used to change the genetic makeup of the cell. Modern biotechnology is based on two core techniques that are: The definition of biotechnology given by the European Federation of Biotechnology states that “The integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogs for products and services.” It consists of various applications in different fields that include therapeutics, processed food, diagnostics, waste management, genetically modified crops, energy production, etc. PDF Summary - Class 12 Biology Strategies For Enhancement In Food Production Notes (Chapter 11)īiotechnology is the field of biology which is used to develop various technologies that help in the production of certain products that result in the welfare of human beings. Now Ti plasmid is no more pathogenic to the plants but is still able to use the mechanisms to deliver genes of our interest into a variety of plants. If it is genetically disarmed by deleting the genes responsible for the tumour formation, the Ti plasmid can be used as a cloning vector. Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens possesses the capacity to induce tumour formation in several dicot plants. What modification is done on the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to convert it into a cloning vector?Īns. Genetic engineering uses recombinant DNA (rDNA) to alter the genetic makeup of an organism.ġ1. Genetic engineering, also called recombinant DNA technology comprises of techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA), to introduce these into host organisms and thus change the phenotype of the host organism. Maintenance of introduced DNA in the host and transfer of the DNA to its progeny.Īns. Introduction of the identified DNA into the host Identification of DNA with desirable genes (ii) There are three basic steps in genetically modifying an organism: Vector used for cloning in animals: Retrovirus (i) Vector used for cloning in plants: Agrobacterium tumefaciens (ii) What steps are involved in genetic modification of an organism. (i) Give an example of vector used for cloning genes in plants and animals respectively. ![]() Roman number ‘I’ states that it was the first enzyme isolated from this strain. In Eco RI, Eco denotes the name of bacterium Escherichia coli, the letter ‘R’ is derived from the name of strain. What do “ Eco ”, “R” and “I” refer to in the enzyme Eco RI?Īns. (ii) Chitinase is a cell wall degrading enzyme and it is necessary while isolating the DNA from a fungal cell (yeast) as fungal cell wall is made up of chitin.Ĩ. Proteases ensure the isolation of DNA without any contamination with proteins. (i) Proteases are the enzymes that digest the protein present inside the cell. (ii) Name the cell wall degrading enzyme which is necessary while isolating the DNA from yeast.Īns. (i) Why are proteases added while isolating the DNA? The two classes of restriction enzymes are: Exonucleases and Endonucleases.Įxonucleases remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA.Įndonucleases cut DNA make cuts at specific positions within the DNA. Mention two classes of restriction enzymes. ![]() Transformation is a procedure through which a piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium. Name the process through which a piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium.Īns. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique for DNA amplification.ĥ. Name a technique which is associated with DNA amplification.Īns. Origin of replication (ori) is the sequence from where replication starts.Ĥ. Thermus aquaticus is source of enzyme Taq polymerase. The sequence from where replication startsĪns. Source organism of enzyme Taq polymeraseī. Restriction enzymes belong to a larger class of enzymes called nucleases.Ī. R restriction enzymes belong to which class of enzymes?Īns. The three steps in a polymerase chain reaction are: Denaturation, Annealing and ExtensionĢ. What are the three steps in a polymerase chain reaction?Īns.
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